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Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin) and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Literary realism, in contrast to idealism, attempts to represent familiar things as they are.〔"Realism" in the ''Oxford Dictionary''〕 Realist authors chose to depict everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of using a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. Literary critic Ian Watt, however, dates the origins of realism in United Kingdom to the early 18th-century novel.〔Watt, I. (1963). ''The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 32.〕 Subsequent related developments in the arts are naturalism, social realism, and in the 1930s, socialist realism. ==Background== Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality", realism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. Realist works of art may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such as works of social realism, regionalism, or Kitchen sink realism. There have been various realism movements in the arts, such as the opera style of verismo, literary realism, theatrical realism and Italian neorealist cinema. The realism art movement in painting began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. The realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century. Realism as a movement in literature was a post-1848 phenomenon, according to its first theorist Jules-Français Champfleury. It aims to reproduce "objective reality", and focused on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization. It may be regarded as the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective reality, without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, empirical rules."〔in so far as such subjects are "explicable in terms of natural causation without resort to supernatural or divine intervention" Morris, 2003. (p. 5 )〕 As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such reality is ontologically independent of man's conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to the artist, who can in turn represent this 'reality' faithfully. As literary critic Ian Watt states in ''The Rise of the Novel'', modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such "it has its origins in Descartes and Locke, and received its first full formulation by Thomas Reid in the middle of the eighteenth century."〔Watt, 1957, p.12〕 In the late 18th-century Romanticism was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the previous Age of Reason and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature found in the dominant philosophy of the 18th century, as well as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,〔David Levin, ''History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman'' (1967)〕 education〔Gerald Lee Gutek, ''A history of the Western educational experience'' (1987) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi〕 and the natural sciences.〔Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 2005 149(3): 304–315〕 19th-century realism was in its turn a reaction to Romanticism, and for this reason it is also commonly derogatorily referred as traditional or "bourgeois realism".〔 However, not all writers of Victorian literature produced works of realism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.online-literature.com/periods/victorian.php )〕 The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of Victorian realism, prompted in their turn the revolt of modernism. Starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program.〔John Barth (1979) ''The Literature of Replenishment'', later republished in ''The Friday Book' '(1984).〕〔Gerald Graff (1975) ''Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction'', TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307-37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.〕〔Gerald Graff (1973) ''The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough'', TriQuarterly, 26 (Winter, 1973) 383-417; rept in ''The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction Malcolm Bradbury'', ed., (London: Fontana, 1977); reprinted in Proza Nowa Amerykanska, ed., Szice Krytyczne (Warsaw, Poland, 1984); reprinted in ''Postmodernism in American Literature: A Critical Anthology'', Manfred Putz and Peter Freese, eds., (Darmstadt: Thesen Verlag, 1984), 58-81.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Literary realism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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